Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Current State Of South Africa - 1175 Words

BACKGROUND ON SOUTH AFRICA 1. South Africa was called the hopeless continent 16 years ago. Much of the negative world view stemmed from wounds created by government supported racial segregation which continues to affect South Africa’s economy today; however, the abundant resources and potential economic growth of this country should not be overlooked. Despite wounds from its past South Africa has a wealth of resources which make it an important country to the world and to the United States. South Africa’s history directly correlates to the countries stagnation in economic growth today, but its resources and economic potential continue to make it an interest to countries like China, which is why the United States has to take an interest in the stability and relevance of this increasingly hopeful region. 2. The current state of South Africa has a lot to do with the history of colonialism and how colonialism oppressed the indigenous peoples of Africa. Africa in general was greatly affected by colonialism, South Africa in particular experienced government sanctioned separation between the races known as apartheid (site- not sure where I got this). According to the (CIA world fact book) South Africa’s first introduction to colonialism began with the Dutch traders in 1652, the Dutch used South Africa as an intermediary stop on their way along the Spice Route forming the city of Cape Town (CIA). The Dutch that settled in Africa became known as Afrikaners (CIA). The Dutch andShow MoreRelatedThe Current State Of South Africa Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesThe current state of South Africa, 20 years post-apartheid, is regarded by many as desegregation achieved. However, in order for this to be completely true, it has to apply on every level. Pettigrew (2008), defined desegregation as the mere physical mixing of groups, and on this level, yes, we can say that the racial mixing of those previously segregated, is desegregation achieved. 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These issuesRead MoreThe Curious Enlightenment Of Professor Caritat By Steven Lukes1283 Words   |  6 PagesCurious Enlightenment of Professor Caritat, by Steven Lukes (whom will be referred to as â€Å"Lukes† from now), the professor is sent out to find the best possible world. The essay will include a discussion on which society will best work in South Africa. In the current society, Communitarian and Libertarian systems are already evident, whereas Utilitarian rule is not. Utilitaria encourages people to be helpful and contribute to society; everyone is treated equally, hence creating an overall sense of purposeRead MoreTaking a Look at the Monash University896 Words   |  4 Pagescampuses affiliated to it spread across the world, in India, China, South Africa, Italy and Malaysia, at the same t ime linked to the Monash website. This essay will make an attempt to provide a critical analysis of the Monash website and the current affiliation with Laureate group of universities. Firstly, an analysis of Monash around the world link will be explored. Secondly, an attempt to discuss the affiliation of Monash South Africa University as part of the Laureate family with respect to the MonashRead MoreAuditing as a profession as evolved drastically over decades and as time has passed auditing1000 Words   |  4 PagesInternal Auditing Standards, the Current Role of Internal Auditing in SA, reviewing current crisis, the importance of Internal Auditing to management is evident. 2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES RELATED TO GOVERNANCE 2.1 Corporate Governance in South Africa To understand the role internal auditors play in improving governance processes, one has to fully understand the meaning of the word governance and also the role governance plays in South Africa. Smerdon states that corporate governance is ‘theRead MoreForeign Policy : The Transition Of Democracy1039 Words   |  5 Pagesrelations with each other as well as international organisations and non-governmental actors. South Africa s post-apartheid foreign policy vision has become prosperous, peaceful, democratic, non-racial, non-sexist and united which contributes to the world that is equitable. This essay will discuss the transition to democracy and how the different heads have contributed to foreign policy since 1994 using the state and individual levels of analysis. This will be done with the following headings; heads ofRead MoreEconomic Growth And Development Of South Africa1193 Words   |  5 Pages2. CURRENT IMPLICATIONS 2.1. Growth and development According to Parson Viviers (cited by Vollgraaf 2016:p2) as a result of Brexit South Africa’s economic growth is expected to have a 0.1% cut-back due to its trading relations with the countries concerned. Bowler (2016:p1) stated that the UK’s pound depreciated after the Brexit occurrence, which could result in the UK’s imports being expensive. The country will be inclined to import less causing its trading import partners to suffer in the process

Monday, December 16, 2019

Adult-Incarceration Free Essays

string(95) " also found that those tried as juveniles generally had a positive view of the juvenile court\." When young people commit crimes, there are usually reasons behind their behavior and these reasons need to be addressed with care and thoughtfulness and not the severest form of punishment. During the 1990s, several states decided to try juveniles as young as 17 years old as adults, and to use adult-incarceration facilities for those who were convicted. I think that was a negative trend. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult-Incarceration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Young people have a lot happening inside their bodies and minds, this is not to excuse them but it’s a fact. A lot of internal changes are taking place and by that I mean, hormonal changes, bodily changes and mood swings. Apart from major internal physical changes taking place, they also have to deal with peer pressure and behave in a certain way so that they fit in with their friends’ idea of being cool and normal. Researches and studies on the juvenile brain show that teens sent to adult court result in being worse than those who are not. They have a tendency to get in to trouble more often and the offenses are more severe. (Patrick, 2005) An Example of the Law Being Too Harsh: Reginald Dwayne Betts was executed at the age of 16 and spent more than eight years in prison, in Virginia for an armed carjacking. He was an honors student who had never been in trouble with the police before; he thought he would either be sent to a juvenile detention center or in an extreme case would receive a suspended sentence. But astonishingly, he was tried as an adult and was originally sentenced to 23 years of imprisonment. (Sharon, 2007) Locked up at the young and tender age of 16, Betts spent 8 years in adult prisons. At such a young and impressionable age, he wasn’t prepared to deal with the horrors and harsh realities of an adult prison. He was quite vulnerable to the happenings around him both physically and emotionally. It was hard for him to get used to being away from home and at the same time to deal with the isolation and stress that comes from being in an adult prison. To make matters worse, violence haunted him day and night; he witnessed other prisoners having their heads split open and getting stabbed. He was exposed to disturbing conditions at a very young age whereas most people would never have to face such incidents in their entire life. Even though Betts served 8 years in prison, he now has a fulfilling career as a writer but he knows that he is an exception and he believes that youngsters who end up in prison usually don’t make it as successful human beings. Another example of a juvenile being tried is Zack, who was recently released after serving 27 months for being involved in the robbery of an Oregon convenience store. His mother says Zack (then 15) was struggling with a bipolar disorder at that time. At present, he’s 17 and although his school was hesitant to welcome him back, he is once again a student there. His mother says that Zack will always be a criminal in the eyes of the society and he still finds it hard to put the past behind him and it was exceptionally hard for him to find work as a lot of people did not want anything to do with him. Zack’s mother admits that he deserved punishment but probation and counseling would have been better for him rather than serving time in jail (Sharon, 2007) Why Passing Harsher Laws Against Juveniles Is Wrong? An assumption made by legislators in passing harsher laws in order to make it easier to try juveniles as adults, has been that juveniles would be less likely to become involved in criminal behavior if there were tough laws and hence a message would be sent to offenders that crime would not be tolerated. (Brian, 2006) Though, research has proven this assumption wrong. Numerous prominent studies have proved that juveniles tried as adults tend to engage in criminal activities more often, more quickly and more seriously than those tried as juveniles. Fagan (1996) looked at the relapsing to criminal activities rate of eight hundred juveniles. The 15 to 16 year olds were convicted of first degree robbery, second degree robbery or first degree burglary. Half of the cases came from two counties in New York and the other half were from two counties in New Jersey. (Brian, 2006)   Due to New York’s Juvenile Offender Law, all the New York based cases were automatically handled by the criminal court, whereas New Jersey based cases were handled by the juvenile court. A comparison of the cases of both states showed that there were significant differences found in the re-arrest rates of those convicted of robbery. A higher number of robbers from New York were rearrested as compared to the robbers from New Jersey. Furthermore, robbers from New York who were sentenced to incarceration in a criminal court tended to re-offend considerably sooner than those from New Jersey who were sentenced to incarceration in juvenile court. A research, Podkopacz Feld (1996); carried out a comparison of recidivism rates for offenders from Hennepin County, Minnesota that had had their cases referred for possible transfer to criminal court from 1986 to 1992. They finding outs were that those offenders who were tried as adults had a considerably higher recidivism rate (58 %) than those offenders who were tried in a juvenile court (42 percent). (Brian, 2006) Therefore, this shows that if juveniles are convicted as adults and face adult punishments, then they feel alienated from the society and their connection with the community over all weakens and this leads them to relapse to criminal activities once they have served their time in prison Also possible juveniles tried as adults are more likely to view criminal court proceedings as unfair and unjust and hence they relapse to criminal activities to rebel or avenge the unfairness. Researches have also found that those tried as juveniles generally had a positive view of the juvenile court. You read "Adult-Incarceration" in category "Papers" They were happy with the overall treatment of the judges towards them since they sincerely seemed to care about their well being. In addition, the majority of the people interviewed for the research   saw the juvenile court proceedings as fair and only a very few saw the juvenile court proceeding as unjust. Majority of the offenders who were tried for the criminal court believed that the judges they faced didn’t seem to care much about them nor about their problems. They complained that the court proceedings were formal and rushed and quite a lot of them reported difficulty in understanding the legal terminology that was used in the court proceedings. Many that were tried for the criminal court thought that the criminal court’s process sent a strong message that the offenders were of very little importance. Research has also shown that juveniles held in adult prisons were one and a half times as likely to be assaulted with a weapon and five times more likely to be sexually assaulted as compared to the inmates held in juvenile facilities. An earlier research by Flaherty (1980) showed that the suicide rate of juveniles held in adult jails was 7.7 times higher than the suicide rate of juveniles held in juvenile detention centers and if you compare it with the normal youth population than its 4.6 times higher. (Brian, 2006) Effective Ways of Dealing with Juvenile Offenders: To combat juvenile crimes/offences, judges and courts need to understand what provoked the juveniles to commit such offences in the first place. The best way to deal with them is gently and in order to improve their over all behavior gentler punishments should be given and not harsh, adult punishments, as the juveniles are in the process of growing up and aren’t full grown adults hence they need to be dealt with gently but firmly to eradicate their wrong habits for once and all. Judges like Michael Corriero, who is based in New York, are well aware of how adult treatment of juvenile offences affects most of the juveniles. He supervises a special court by the name of Manhattan Youth Part and resolves cases of juveniles that belong to the ages 13-15 and have been tried as adults for serious crimes. He tries to steer as many as possible away from the criminal court. (Sharon 2007) According to his ideology, a youth’s character is flexible. Kids in their early teens (13-15) are supposed to learn from their mistakes. If we lock them up, what will they become in 10 years time? They won’t possess any special skills. And nothing can be expected of kids that have been put in to adult prisons therefore have been criminalized before their time. 65% of the cases he handles are either sent for counseling or other such alternative programs, most of those programs are private and if the kids succeed, their records are sealed. Only the kids that commit major offences are tried in criminal courts (Sharon 2007) Although these treatment programs are very expensive, but they are worth every penny as if you correct a juvenile in a juvenile justice program then the society will have less adult criminals. Therefore it’s essential to see what kind of crimes or mistakes the youth are committing and to treat them accordingly. In cases such as minor shoplifting or joy riding the juvenile should be counseled and should not be given the same punishment as an adult. Since the youth may have committed that particular crime due to immense peer pressure. Although juvenile crimes make most of us think of gangs, rape and murder; violent teens are the exception. Whereas in reality, according to various studies, violent teens only makeup 5% of all juvenile arrests. The more common reasons for prosecuting juveniles in adult courts are drugs, burglary, theft, taking cars for joy ride (Sharon Cohen, N.D. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-01-tryingkids_N.htm). Being in an adult jail increases a child’s risk of being exposed to sexual abuse and assault. Educational opportunities are usually very limited and inadequate. Juveniles that Commit Major Offences: The other side of the picture is that some prosecutors argue about kids that are too dangerous to be considered juveniles as if tried as a juvenile, they maybe freed of all sorts of charges and imprisonment as soon as they turn 21. (Sharon 2007) An example of such dangerous juveniles will be Matthew Niedere and Clayton Keister, who murdered Niedere’s parents in cold blood. The murder was planned carefully by the 17 year olds. Niedere’s father was shot five times and his mother four times by him. Keister shot Patricia Niedere, when she ran outside the family store, calling out for help. The two 17 years olds were prosecuted as adults and rightly so. In such extreme cases, where youth nearing adulthood have committed cold blooded murders, they should be punished severely. (Sharon 2007) Conclusion: To conclude, I’d like to say that juveniles for mild and petty crimes should not be prosecuted as adults. As in the case of being convicted, they suffer from poor conditions, horrendous health care to inappropriate lock-ups and very few efforts to help them (youth) re-enter society. Furthermore they are exposed to sexual abuse and forced to grow up before their time and may face psychological problems later on their life, due to exposure to brutal activities such as stabbings, or even murders taking place in the prisons. Once these juveniles serve their time in the jail and are released, it’s also hard for them to re-enter the society and be acceptable by the rest of the society. They would always have that tag attached with them that they once committed a crime and went to prison for it. Therefore for minor crimes, its better to have them counseled or to assign them certain hours of community service, as their minds and personalities are still being shaped and hence its better to correct them by allowing them to ponder over their mistakes and to make them serve the society through community service in order to have them realize their mistakes. References Brian E. Oliver, ‘Does Trying Juveniles as Adults Work?’ An Analysis of the Evidence, June 2006 http://www.aicharleston.com/JuvenileJustice1.htm Accessed March 14, 2008 Juvenile crime statistics, http://www.onlinelawyersource.com/criminal_law/juvenile/statistics.html Accessed March 14, 2008 Juvenile justice system, http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2142/Juvenile-Justice-System-JUVENILE-CRIME-VIOLENCE.html Accessed March 14, 2008 Patrick Boyle (2005). Articles Section of Perspectives on Youth, http://www.perspectivesonyouth.org/Pages-Archive/CurEditionsPerspectives-Summer-Fall2005.htm Accessed March 14, 2008 Sharon Cohen (2007). Prosecuting kids as adults: Some states ponder changes http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-12-01-tryingkids_N.htm Accessed March 14, 2008 How to cite Adult-Incarceration, Papers

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Common Sense vs Psychology free essay sample

Common Sense vs. Psychology According to the English Encarta Dictionary psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and mental states, and of human and animal behaviour, while common sense is defined as a sound practical judgement derived from experience rather than study. It is evident from the two contrasting definitions that common sense and psychology are not one in the same (that is not to say that they have no relation to each other). Psychology is science based and looks for evidentiary support to validate theories and hypothesises. It also tries to take into account as many factors as possible when doing so like, for example, personality factors. Common sense on the other hand does not take into account such factors, so in cases where common sense logic cannot apply one will either attempt to find another rational, common sense explanation or one concludes that the situation simply does not make sense and one accepts it as an anomaly. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Sense vs Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The science behind psychology helps to find explanations and conclusions that are consistent and predictive unlike the inconsistency of common sense. Common sense consists of what people in common would agree on as their common understanding of something. There is no scientific support behind this supposed knowledge as it is often nothing more than a general consensus. Common sense can often be contradictory of itself for example â€Å"birds of a feather flock together† and â€Å"opposites attract†. Merely by looking into commonsensical proverbs such as these it is apparent that common sense is fickle and commonly used only to explain behaviours that are otherwise inexplicable. As well as being inconsistent common sense often works on hindsight rather than fact. Though there are many distinctions between psychology and common sense it cannot be denied that the two do intersect with one another. In situations where behaviour is difficult to comprehend at face value, psychology will not simply attach an assumptive axiom to it in order to give the impression that it is understood and obvious unlike common sense, but rather look deeper into cause by carrying out studies and trying to find a more scientific explanation. Despite the many discrepancies between the two, psychology cannot exist without common sense. Psychology needs to use common sense as a starting point to build theories and hypothesises from and also as a basis for comparison. No good theory can exist without it being born out of some sort of common sense. So psychology isn’t all obvious or even just common sense. It provides deeper insight into behaviour and cause than common sense. Despite the fact that psychology is different to common sense one must remember that the two strive off of each other. As long as common sense exists so will psychological research into causes of behaviour and the mind.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Seligram case solution free essay sample

The Seligram, INC. should consider consultant’s three-overhead-pool system. Though cost of five components are not necessary lower than costs of traditional system, multiple cost pool have clearly reflect additional cost driver in ETO. Two out of five components, as indicated in the chart, CADACITOR and AMPLIFIER, showed reduction in the overall costs. Also, further splits in overhead costs, Main Room and Mechanical overheads, decreased 67% of overhead cost of Cadacitor and 4% of overhead of Amplifier from costs of traditional approach. Such reductions suggest that cost pools have appropriately traced to each testing activities. Yet, the company can mix cost pools to improve costing analysis. Two components, ICA and ICB, show that they consume the most labor hours in both testing rooms. In reality, cost analysis based on consult’s assessment, both costs increased 19% and 20% of the traditional costing system. Both components illustrated labor intensive nature; however, the multiple cost pools failed to reflect their illustrated nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Seligram case solution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The overhead costs allocated to direct labor costs have proved to be the ideal cost analysis. In short, illustrated nature of activities may not necessarily match the assuming cost pools in these components. Q5 The new machine should consider as a separate cost center. The ETO is investing a huge amount of money for one or two customers. The existing cost system transfers cost on other customers and increase the price, and drive them away. This is unfair. We can see it clearly in the appendix. In table1, the new machine drives the machine rate much higher. In table2, the new machine rate dramatically varies in the first three years. It is unreasonable to simply add this burden to the exist burden, this can be shown on table2 (column Total new main room rate). Since the direct labor of new machine is more expensive, we can add this to the new hour rate. This can make the new cost center easy to calculate. Given that the machine hour and burden of the main room and the mech. Room will not change in 8 years, we should use an integrated rate contained three parts in new machine cost pool. a) The sum of depreciation, engineering requirement, and fixed part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour, b) variable part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour c) DL cost per hour.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Healthcare Benchmarking and Quality Improvement Essays

Healthcare Benchmarking and Quality Improvement Essays Healthcare Benchmarking and Quality Improvement Paper Healthcare Benchmarking and Quality Improvement Paper Benchmarks are relevant to all health and social care settings. Therefore, the benchmarks are presented in a generic format in order that they can be used in, for example, primary, secondary and tertiary settings and with all patient and or career groups, such as in pediatric care, mental health, cancer care, surgery and medicine. It is important that those benchmarking (including patients and careers) agree on the indicators that demonstrate best practice within their area of care (UK-Department of Health). Benchmarking can be utilized in the following ways: Staff Performance: Benchmarking is often used as a method to determine performance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  standards for office functions. Examples may be as basic as the number of calls answered, appointments made and medical records pulled. This process provides a true measure of staff productivity capabilities. Physician Performance: This benchmarking process only works if the physician being reviewed is truly interested in becoming more efficient. The basic premise is to examine what aspects of the physicians daily schedule is productive, (Time actually spent with patients) and non-productive, (time spent not rendering services to patients). The objective is to reduce non-productive time and leverage the physician’s impact. 3. Statistical Performance: This benchmarking process evaluates the practice’s statistical performance to best practice standards. Statistical comparisons include some of the following: charges, adjustments, revenues, expenses, gross/net collection percentages, and account receivable days. Performance measurement might seem strange to some organizations, but the concept of measuring and monitoring performance is not new to healthcare facilities. Requirements for public overview of healthcare facilities demand that performance data be collected, analyzed, and monitored for reimbursement, Federal and state record keeping, and accreditation purposes. As a result, most healthcare facilities already track key productivity indicators. And as state and Federal regulations require the reporting of more data, healthcare facilities will be in an even better position to assess their performance and share comparative information about performance and operations with other facilities for mutual benefit. Indeed, the greatest value to be gained from all of the performance data that healthcare facilities are gathering may well emerg from the process of comparing that data. Healthcare facilities often are quite similar in the complexity of their organizational structures, operational and clinical services, and corporate missions. That similarity will benefit healthcare facilities as they begin benchmarking efforts.     Business survival is increasingly difficult in the contemporary world. In order to survive, organizations need a commitment to excellence and a means of measuring that commitment and its results. Benchmarking provides one method for doing this. As the author describes, benchmarking is a performance improvement method that has been used for centuries. Recently, it has begun to be used in the healthcare industry where it has the potential to improve significantly the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and quality of healthcare services.   In the contemporary world, business survival is defined as long-term economic viability achieved through excellent performance. To maintain the excellence needed for survival, however, businesss enterprises must find a way of consistently measuring and improving their performance.   Productive ideas and methods are not limited to a single industry. Cross-industry benchmarking also can offer excellent opportunities for borrowin good ideas and processes. But finding suitable partners with applicable ideas from other industries can be time consuming and costly. For example, calling a fire department to discuss the process of bringing both equipment and manpower to an emergency site can generate a number of exciting ideas, but finding the best performing fire department would take long hours of research. Because benchmarking is an ongoing effort, working first within the healthcare industry for short- and medium-term solutions will help position a facility for later cross-industry initiatives (Anderson-Miles, 1994).

Friday, November 22, 2019

30 Words Containing the Letters sm

30 Words Containing the Letters sm 30 Words Containing the Letters sm 30 Words Containing the Letters sm By Mark Nichol After writing a post about the suffix -ism, I explored the class of words that include the letters s and m in sequence in which the letters are not a consonant blend (as in small) or in which the s is not at the end of a prefix (as in besmirch and dismiss); with some exceptions (specified), they have in common an origin in Greek. Here are the qualifying words I found that do not use the suffix -ism or do not refer exclusively to a medical or scientific condition or phenomenon (though a couple of specialized terms that have acquired one or more figurative senses are included). 1. abysmal: very bad; abysm is a poetic alternative to abyss, from the Late Latin abyssus, meaning â€Å"bottomless pit† (which derives abyssos, meaning â€Å"bottomless pool,† although the sm ending either resulted from the superlative abyssimus or was created in imitation of Greek words) 2. basmati: a variety of rice, from Hindi, meaning â€Å"something fragrant† 3. cataclysm: a deluge, from kataklysmos, meaning â€Å"flood† or â€Å"inundation† 4. charisma: charm, from kharisma, meaning â€Å"favor† or â€Å"divine gift†; originally referred to exceptional authority or leadership 5. chasm: a deep crack, from khasma, meaning â€Å"gulf† 6. chiasmus: the inversion for rhetorical effect of two or more clauses (as in Voltaire’s quotation â€Å"The instinct of a man is to pursue everything that flies from him, and to fly from all that pursues him†), from khiasmos, meaning â€Å"crosswise or diagonal arrangement† 7. chiliasm: belief in Christ’s 1,000-year reign on Earth, ultimately from khilioi, meaning â€Å"a thousand† or referring to the number 1,000 8. chrism: a balm in oil used in church rituals, from khrisma, meaning â€Å"an anointing† 9. cosmetic: a substance used in improving one’s appearance (the plural form, cosmetics, refers to such products collectively), or, as an adjective, pertaining to personal beautification- and the words have an additional sense of â€Å"superficial† or â€Å"for the sake of appearances†- from kosmetikos, meaning â€Å"skilled in adorning or arranging†; these words and cosmetology, the term for the study of beautification, are related to cosmos (see below) in the sense of order or arrangement 10. cosmos: the universe (referred to as â€Å"the cosmos†), from kosmos, meaning â€Å"order† or â€Å"orderly arrangement†; more often seen as cosmic, the adjectival form, and cosmo- is the root word of cosmology (a word for the study of the universe) and other words, and a form of the root is also seen in macrocosm, meaning â€Å"something seen as a miniature version of something larger,† and microcosm, meaning â€Å"a large system consisting of many smaller ones† 11. desmesne: a domain or estate, or possession or use of one’s land, from a respelling in Anglo-French of the Middle English term demeine (â€Å"domain†) 12. dismal: wretched, from the Latin phrase dies mali (â€Å"evil days†) 13. enthusiasm: eagerness or zeal, from enthousiasmos, meaning â€Å"divine inspiration† 14. gismo: gadget (variant spelling of gizmo, of unknown origin) 15. iconoclasm: criticism of conventional beliefs or standard institutions, from eikonoklastes, meaning â€Å"image breaker†; originally referred to literal destruction of images and objects considered idolatrous 16. jasmine: a plant, from Persian 17. kismet: fate, from Arabic qisma, meaning â€Å"portion† or â€Å"lot† 18. melisma: one of several specific types of musical expression, from melisma, meaning â€Å"song† or â€Å"melody† 19. mesmerize: captivate, or hold spellbound, from the name of hypnosis pioneer Anton Mesmer 20. miasma: a literal or figurative cloud or fog of an unhealthy or unpleasant or obscuring nature, from miasma, meaning â€Å"pollution† 21. orgasm: sexual excitement, from orgasmos, meaning â€Å"excitement† or â€Å"swelling† (also a verb referring to the sensation); the noun refers, by extension, to any stimulating experience (note also two slang terms modeled on orgasm: geekgasm, referring to a nerd’s exultation about, for example, a new computer program or video game, and eargasm, the result of an extremely pleasurable song or sound 22. osmosis: movement of a liquid through a solid, or, figuratively, learning or understanding something easily or smoothly; this word is an invention of New Latin and does not come from Greek 23. paroxysm: a sudden attack or a convulsion, from paroxysmos, meaning â€Å"irritation† or â€Å"exasperation†; now also used colloquially to refer to an outburst of emotion 24. phantasm: a ghost or illusion, from phantasma, meaning â€Å"image† or â€Å"phantom†; a related word is phantasmagoria, referring to an exhibition of optical effects or illusions, a constantly changing scene, or a bizarre collection 25. prism: a medium or a shape that refracts light, from prisma, meaning â€Å"something sawn†; also, figuratively, something that colors, distorts, or slants one’s perspective 26. sarcasm: a form of darkly humorous criticism in which the words stated are the opposite of the intended meaning, as in â€Å"Well, that went well!† for a disastrous incident, from sarkasmos, meaning â€Å"jest† or â€Å"taunt† 27. schism: originally referred to dissension within the Catholic Church but now also pertains to any disagreement in philosophy or policy, from skhisma, meaning â€Å"division† 28. seismic: pertaining to earthquakes, from seismos, meaning â€Å"a shaking,† â€Å"a shock,† or â€Å"an earthquake†; several words derived from the root seismo-, such as seismology (the name for the study of earthquakes) and seismograph (the word for a device that measures the motions of an earthquake) also exist (seismic also might be used to describe something of hugely significant import) 29. spasm: a sudden violent muscular contraction, ultimately from spasmos, meaning â€Å"convulsion†; also loosely employed to refer to an emotional outburst 30. talisman: a good-luck charm or something believed to have magical or miraculous powers, from telesma, meaning â€Å"consecration† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Thursday, November 21, 2019

Samsung Hunts for 'Wow' Moment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Samsung Hunts for 'Wow' Moment - Article Example What probably has them more worried is the failure of Apple to enthrall the consumers with their iPhone 5. Samsung has marketed their products in such a way that has largely been a reason for the hype. Their clever advertising strategies satirized Apple Inc. taking the balls to Samsung’s court and making it a mainstream maker of trendy mobile phones. The new Samsung phone which was to be unveiled on 14th March at the ‘Samsung Unpacked’ event at New York’s Radio City Music Hall. This time is critical to launch a new phone because the smartphone industry is growing at a very fast pace transitioning from the ecstasy of new technology to a more clever and mature stage. The hardware developments are now more evolutionary than revolutionary; people are expecting enormous improvements in hardware and software. The area where Samsung lags behind Apple is software; where Apple has the ability to link its hardware to its own OS, Samsung uses the Android technology like other smartphone manufacturers. So to compensate their weakness in the software department, Samsung has to depend on on new software aspects such as the screen that will scroll up and down with the motion of the users eyes. Samsung introduced new features and are planning to ‘double down on software’ as their executive informed at a technology conference. Other features include one touch sharing between their devices. The question however is whether Samsung will be able to uphold its progress with the market growing so much more competitive and products becoming more and more commoditized. What worries Samsung more is the increase in the chip prices and the fall in sales which will decrease by 35% in 2013 as forecasted by research firm Strategy Analytics. Samsung had been a leading smartphone seller; in 2012 they were on the top sweeping away 30.3% of the world over smartphone

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Australia Broadcasting Comporation report Essay

Australia Broadcasting Comporation report - Essay Example Starting from news papers to the modern online network of mass communication encompasses a wide variety of means to ensure the seamless flow of communication. The mass media at present has evolved developed enormously from the earlier stages. The accuracy and speed of communication through various media have remarkably advanced. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is a key player in the field of mass communication, and the national broadcaster of Australia they have a long, successful presence of eighty years in this field. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC): Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), informally known as ‘Aunty,’ is a publicly owned national broadcaster of Australia. ABC has been providing various communication services to the country since last eighty years. It started its journey with radio service at national level and has enlarged its broadcasting service to global level with ABC online services. ABC provides radio, television, mobile and online services to national as well as global customers. The services of ABC are available in all regions of the country and they have played major role in various emergency and important situations. ABC also performs a variety of other functions. â€Å"The ABC also operates network of retailing outlets known as ABC enterprises.... ABC also performs a variety of other functions. â€Å"The ABC also operates network of retailing outlets (24 shops and 119 ABC centres) known as ABC enterprises. Operations include the production of books, classical and contemporary recordings, audio cassettes, videos, multimedia and licensed products, and music and magazine publishing† (2000 Year Book Australia No. 82 2000, p. 349). This paper discusses the history of ABC in the following segments. The services provided by ABC- radio, television and online are analyzed separately. The national and global coverage of the ABC services are also examined and the most effective means of communication service provided by ABC is identified. 3. ABC - A History: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, formerly known as Australian Broadcasting Company, was established by the government of Australia on 1st July 1932 to run the National Broadcasting Services as the Postmaster General’s Department failed to do the operation. The f irst broadcasting service of Australian Broadcasting Company was Radio service and ABC had 12 radio stations in major cities of the country at its beginning. Inspired from BBC, the working of ABC was done accordingly. The period of World War II (WW- II) and the period following it, were crucial in the history of Australian Broadcasting Company. During WW- II, considering the importance of communication and providing information to the people, the Australian Broadcasting Act was passed in 1942. This gave the company the power to make decisions to broadcast political speeches without external interferences. In 1948, ABC was given complete government appropriation through amendments made in the Broadcasting Act. The next major mile stone of Australian

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

The Taming of the Shrew Essay The servants in the play are mainly dopey and dim-witted. They fool around stage acting stupidly and behaving erratically. As the majority of the audiences would not have had a proper education, so they would rely on these exaggerated actions and visual antics. An example of this would be when Petruchio returns home after the wedding, only to find his servants gossiping. A frantic scene follows where the servants all end up falling over each other etc. This kind of foolish behaviour would have entertained un-educated Elizabethan audiences. All comedies by Shakespeare follow the same simple structure, similar to all other plays. The play starts with an exposition stage, which is when the story emerges and things start to go wrong and get out of hand. Next is the complication stage, which is when the play becomes even more complicated and everyone appears stuck. However, finally is the resolution stage where all the problems are solved. In tragedy plays, the play ends with the death of the hero or heroine, but in the majority of comedy plays, the play ends with a marriage. The tangled plot has been unwoven and problems solved. Petruchio immediately sets out to tame Katherina and her wild personality. Not only is he physically stronger than her, he is also wittier this is constantly apparent as he persistently winds Kate up: Pet. You lie, in faith for you are calld plain Kate, And bonny Kate, and sometimes Kate the curst; But Kate, the prettiest Kate in Christendom. Kate of Kate Hall, my super-dainty Kate, In this quotation, Petruchio is outlining his superiority over Katherina by winding her up by being patronising. After a direct order to not call her Kate, Petruchio goes on to persistently call her Kate to show his power. This not only annoys her, but weakens her and wears her down. He shows that he is not afraid to confront her making it clear from the outset that he is out to tame her. Petruchios methods of taming Katherina would appear disrespectful to modern audiences however they would have merely been humorous to Elizabethans. Throughout the play, the taming process continues, becoming more severe as the play progresses. At one point, Petruchio starves Kate, and deprives her of sleep to physically weaken her. Much of Petruchios speeches consist of cs and ks. This harsh phonology could suggest his dominance. Also, the majority of Kate repetitions are stressed using iambic pentameter. After a long taming period, Kate eventually caves in. She begins to realize that the only way she is going to get what she wants is to agree with what ever Petruchio says. Kat: Young budding virgin, fair and fresh and sweet Pet: Why, how now Kate. I hope thou are not mad. This is a man, old, wrinkled, witherd This is said directly after Petruchio comments there a beautiful young woman present. This also adds comedy to the play, as the person being addressed is in fact an old rather fat man, nothing like a beautiful young woman. This is a pivotal moment in the play as it is the turning point, where Katherina finally gives into Petruchios unrelenting taming process. After this, Petruchios taming of Kate is complete.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Lockes Views On Education Essay examples -- essays research papers

John Locke had a number of major influences on society in general, but his influences on education have stood the taste of time. His idea of Tabula Rasa, his introduction of empiricism, and idea of the use of all senses are all objectives that are used in schools today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of Tabula Rasa is basically defined as a â€Å"blank slate.† Locke believed that everyone is born with a clean mind, a supposed condition that he attributed to the human mind before ideas have been imprinted on it by the reaction of the senses to the exterior world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Thus the first capacity of human intellect is that the mind is fitted to receive the impressions made on it;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  either through the senses by outward objects; or by its own operations when it reflects on them. This is the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  first step a man makes towards the discovery of anything...†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -John Locke (On Ideas as the Materials of All Our Knowledge) Locke considers the new mind as white paper or wax. It is to be moulded and formed as one pleases. It is up to the teacher to insure that it is formed the correct way and that there is no inate knowledge. This is incorporated into education the grade system. Children start out in kindergarten or pre-school with a blank slate; we start teach...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Recycling Plastic

Recycling plastic will help save our natural resources. 1. With the increasing human population the needs for the people also increases. But the point of concern is that are there enough natural resources to service all your needs. What if these resources finish, this is one thing we need to ponder upon. Plastic is one of the most used materials in the world. Majority of the items we use daily are made out of plastic. For example like water bottles, cups, tables and chairs, etc. Plastic is harder than paper and lighter than metal. It’s cheap and convenient.Because of these advantages, usage of plastic has increase rapidly over the years. We need to start recycling waste to converse our natural resources. Recycling is simply the process of reusing the items from which utility can still be derived. It is important to recycle waste so that you can at least converse some of our natural resources for our generations to come. The United States must mandate recycling programs in all private and public places to protect the future of our planet. Recycling is one of the keys to a sustainable future. Many products such as paper, cardboards, and cups come from trees.In fact trees are our natural assets, you can converse trees by recycling the paper products we can minimize the number of trees cut down a year. This is one form of waste recycling. One should understand and know the importance of recycling waste materials. One simple benefit of recycling is it saves our resources. It will be wise to reuse metal item as metal reserves may be depleting. You can sold your wore out metal items for recycling. As mentioned earlier, recycling of waste papers can save our forests. Recycling helps protect precious natural resources.When used goods like paper, plastic and glass are recycled, manufacturers can use the recycled material to make new products instead of having to constantly extract more raw materials. The more recycling occurs, the fewer virgin resources need to be processed to make consumer goods. 3. Recycling waste not only save our natural resources but also help save energy. In most cases, recycling requires less energy than producing goods from virgin resources. These energy savings tend to accumulate over time: many products can be recycled multiple times before being sent to landfills, while other products, like glass, can be recycled indefinitely.Since industrial processing and transportation are largely powered by the burning of fossil fuels, the energy savings produced by recycling translate into lower rates of greenhouse gas emissions. By simply recycling an item or making a basic fix to it, we can we save all the energy that would have been consumed in the process of making it. The same example can be taken with plastic items. A large amount of energy can be saved by simply reusing the plastic items. To recycle waste is to simply reduce pollution. By recycling plastic material we can reduce air pollution as well as water pollution .Plastic factories produced large amount of smoke when producing plastic material at the same time if we don’t have proper waste disposal system those waste emissions will cause water pollution. Recycling waste in a way helps reduce pollution. 4. There are some obvious benefits to the environment when we recycle our waste products. One being that less of our waste ends up in landfills and littered around the streets which ultimately ends up in the ocean. This prevents animals from eating and getting caught in the waste.It also means less land needs to be cleared to make way for garbage dumps. Recycling prevents habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and the soil erosion that is associated with logging and mining, leaving the environment in its natural state. Recycling products such as paper means that fewer trees need to be cut down to meet the paper demands of the world. Every ton of paper recycled is 17(seventeen) less trees that are cut down. By recycling we conserve o ur natural resources such as timber, water and minerals making sure those in years to come we have these resources to use and enjoy. . In simple words, recycling or recycling waste is essential to both natural environment and humans. To sum up, recycling minimizes the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved. Great amounts of energy are used when making products from raw materials. Recycling requires much less energy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources. One needs to know the importance of recycling at the same time being earth friendly can help our planet a better place to live in.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Deviant Behaviour in the Civil Services Essay

The concern laid out a viable extraction of information that focuses on several nations outside the Commonwealth Caribbean and their history of administration together with the leading factors of deviance in the civil services. Criterion used to assess the intricacies of Public Maladministration and Bureaucratic Corruption includes: injustice, unreasonable delay, abuse of discretion, negligence, arrogance, disregarding morality, employing deception and justifying criminality, nepotism, bribes, fraud, and waste and abuse in government. Public Administration is â€Å"centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct†. The field is complex in nature due to the various sub-fields such as organizational theory, statistics, policy analysis, human resources, ethics, and budgeting. Woodrow Wilson – 1887, defined Public Administration as â€Å"the detailed and systematic execution of public law†. Therefore, it is the government’s responsibility to take rational action and manage human and capital resources to attain its goals. Wilson is known to be the father of Public Administration. He wrote an article entitled â€Å"The Study of Administration†, and stated that â€Å"it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy†. He also wrote in 1887 four concepts in which he believed: * â€Å"Separation of politics and administration * Comparative analysis of political and private organizations * Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations * Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, merit-based assessment† Deviance, when looked at sociologically, describes actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules. (eg crime. Norms are rules and expectations by which members of society are guided. When there is a failure to conform to these norms and they are defied, it can be considered to be deviant behaviour. This is quite common in administrative systems around the globe. The political term maladministration however, is linked to the actions of government bodies that cause injustice. Comparative Public Administration lecturer Maukesh Basdeo, stated that â€Å" Public Maladmini stration can be interpreted as a perversion of power, extortion, discrimination, intentional misperformance or neglect of a recognized duty. He goes on affirming that â€Å" public maladministration is a term derived from a purely post-French Revolution Western notion of public office based on the theory of the administrative state, the bureaucratization of government, the separation of political and bureaucratic career structures, the professionalization of public service, and the idea of public servants as trustees of the common good†. The government according to lecture notes is a public trust that must be used in the general interest and not for the benefit of particular sectional interests. Since public officials are â€Å"servants of the people and not vice versa†, it is a necessity that such officials be dedicated, obedient, hardworking, loyal, honest, patient, respectful and must have the ability to represent the people. They must also be highly productive and efficient and should be appointed based on merit not ascription. â€Å"The Western World has accepted this public service ideology and has, with varying degrees of success, exported it to the rest of the world.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

How to Create Editorial Guidelines the CoSchedule Way - CoSchedule Blog

How to Create Editorial Guidelines the Way Blog Creating great content consistently isn’t easy. That’s especially true when you’re always juggling multiple projects. Time gets tight. You start cutting corners. Performance declines accordingly. It’s a downward slope. Stay on it long enough, and you might find content marketing axed from your company’s budget. Yikes. So, what’s the solution? How do you make sure every piece you publish is like your best? And how do you enforce quality across a team of in-house and guest writers? Start by developing strong editorial guidelines. You might call them something else. Our friends at Help Scout call them â€Å"editorial values.† Here at , we call them our standards of performance. Whatever word you use, the goal is the same: document standards every piece you publish has to follow. That’ll help make sure you never cut corners again. Read on and let’s make missed steps in your content creation process a thing of the past. The Best Way to Develop Effective Editorial Guidelines What Are Standards of Performance? Standards of performance are concrete guidelines every piece of content you publish is required to meet. They make sure nothing goes out the door without hitting every point on a detailed checklist. When applied consistently, they make sure you never publish anything subpar. Why Are Standards of Performance Important? â€Å"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.† That’s a quote from writer and historian Will Durant. You’ve probably heard some variation of this same idea somewhere before. The takeaway is that people will know you for what you do on a regular basis. As a marketer, that means if you consistently publish quality content, that’s what your audience will come to expect from you. If your stuff is hit or miss (or, worse, consistently poor), they’ll either ignore you or think your brand sucks. If stats from a recent Conductor webinar are accurate, though, most content creators aren’t holding themselves to a high enough standard. Consider this quote: â€Å"†¦ only 0.1% of all content gets more than a thousand shares, and the conversion rate is well under 1%.† That †¦ isn’t great. But, there is an upside. Since the bar is set low, clearing it shouldnt be difficult. Do the work your competition won’t and you’ll succeed. And your standards of performance are what will guide you to that success. Do the work your competition won’t and you’ll succeed.How We Developed Standards of Performance at Back when first started, our marketing team was just one person (Nathan Ellering, who is now our Director of Demand Generation). When you’re a team of one, it’s easy to know what you think content should look like. You try different things, see what works, and do more of what proves to be effective. Then, our team started to grow. Now, we have multiple team members crafting content. Even if creating content isn’t their first focus, a lot of our team members create some kind of content, at least every once in a while. Naturally, managing expectations and maintaining content consistency got harder once more team members got involved. When you add guest authors into the mix, it only gets more complicated. Instead of allowing writers to run wild, we decided it was time to establish quality standards. These would be simple data-driven guidelines that would help us make sure every piece we produce lives up to the same standards as our very best content. We called them our Standards of Performance, and they’ve been our guiding light ever since. Heres how to set standards of performance like @.First Standard of Performance: Comprehensiveness Our aim is to publish the most complete content we possibly can. Ideally, our readers shouldn’t have to read another post on a given topic. If we’ve done our job correctly, you’ll be able to find all the information you need to get a job done or learn a new skill in one place. That often means our content runs long. There’s a reason for that, though. If you want to go more than just puddle-deep into a topic, you’re going to provide something substantive. When we reviewed our top performing content, we discovered our best performing content adhered to this principle. Stuff that went short or cut corners underperformed, while posts that dug deep into research and provided all the actionable steps the reader needed to solve a problem excelled. How Do We Implement This? We’re big fans of the Skyscraper Technique. You’ve probably heard about it before. If not, it’s a simple process coined by Brian Dean that entails. Heres how to implement it in two steps: Read the top ten pieces of content on Google for a given topic. Create one piece of content that’s better and more resourceful than whats already out there. Simple enough, right? Well, from a research perspective, it is. Actually executing that kind of content is (perhaps obviously) substantially more difficult. One way to make this process easier is to start with a simple spreadsheet. Add columns for the following things: Primary keyword. What is the primary keyword being targeted? Check the URL and headline for clues. Secondary keywords  (as best as you can tell). Title tag. This appears as the blue highlighted text in search results. Meta description. This appears as the short (160 character or less) description underneath the title tag in search results. Length. How long is this content? # of Images. Are images present, and if so, how many? Is video present? Does the page include a video? If so, is it an original video, or one from another site? Downloadable assets. Are there any bonus materials included that people can download (PDFs, templates, ebooks, etc.)? H2 and H3 subheadings. Is the page properly formatted with H2 and H3 subheadings, and which keywords (if any) are present? Missing details? Is there any important information about this topic that the page is missing? Documenting your findings along the way can make it easier to keep track of what your content needs to compete. Here’s what your spreadsheet might look like (plus a free copy via Google Sheets you can use here): Second Standard of Performance: (Smart and Strategic) Keyword Targeting We also noticed every post we published targeted a clear keyword. Not only that, but they also incorporated strategic secondary (or LSI) keywords. Those additional long-tail terms tie into comprehensiveness by covering all the most important details about a topic (and proving it both to search engines and real human readers). So, we decided we’d never publish a post without a strong keyword (with rare exceptions). We’ve experimented with that route before. The results have always been underwhelming. How Do We Implement This? Content planning (at least for the Blog) always starts with a heavy amount of keyword research. We’re not just looking for any keywords, though. They have to meet the following criteria: Relevancy. Are these topics or problems that professional marketers are researching? Volume. We consider relevancy most important, but we also want to target terms that a sizeable portion of our audience will care about. Theme. Does the keyword relate to a task that an existing or upcoming feature helps people complete? Before we start searching for specific keywords, though, content ideas might come from any of the following sources: Conversations with our sales team. What do customers (and prospective customers) say their top challenges are? Social media chatter. What are topics people seem interested in on social media? Feature launches. What content could we create to help people get more value from recently added features to ? Personal skill development. What’s something we’ve recently learned how to do that we can share with our audience? Rants. What are things about the industry that frustrate us? Are there ways we think marketers could get certain things done more easily (than the way they’re typically told)? Seasonal topics. Are there certain things that are most relevant at a certain time of year? Brainstorming sessions. Every once in a while, we’ll conduct a team-wide brainstorming session. This process usually nets a month’s worth of ideas in under an hour. This video breaks down how it works: Once we have some idea of what content we need, we’ll fire up our keyword research tools. A few of our favorites include: Ahrefs Keyword Explorer: Part of their growing feature suite, this powerful keyword research tool is by far our favorite. It provides an awesome amount of data to help us determine the best keywords to include. Google Adwords Keyword Planner: They say the classics never go out of style. This tool is free and ubiquitous with keyword research. Ubersuggest: This tool is great for spinning off tons of ideas based on one keyword. Feed it a topic and it’ll return a spate of long-tail variations based on Google autocomplete suggestions. (Tip: try exporting that list and pasting it into the Keyword Planner). These are far from the only options out there. However, they’re the options we use the most. Once we’ve narrowed down ideas we want to run with, we add them onto our internal calendar: If we have ideas we might want to create in the future, we’ll drag them into our Drafts folder (click an item on the calendar and drag it all the way to the right): Recommended Reading: Your Ultimate Content Marketers Guide to Keyword Research Third Standard of Performance: Make Every Piece Actionable Lots of content tells you what to do. Not enough shows you how to do it. This is a major source frustration for us (and the inspiration behind a lot of internal rants). So, we do our best to practice what we preach  and make every piece we publish actionable. What does â€Å"actionable† mean, though? And what does â€Å"actionable content† really look like? Those are common questions we get asked. For us, actionable content shows you how to get stuff done. If it tells you to do something, it either goes through the process step-by-step, or includes a video or link to another resource that does. How Do We Implement This? We make sure our content is actionable by always including  step-by-step breakdowns with whatever visual aids a reader needs to understand what to do. To make your own content more actionable: List the steps required to complete a task. And if you’re going to ask someone to do something in your content, show them exactly how to do it. Add in screenshots or photos. If it’s possible, give readers some visual guidance. Infographics, charts, and graphs can also be helpful. Consider adding video. If you can show how to do something more easily with video, go for it. Sometimes, a minute-long clip is easier to get the point across than 1,000 words and 25 screenshots. Whatever you do, include actionable follow-through in your content. Depending on your industry or niche, this will almost certainly put you ahead of 90% of your competitors. Taking the time to do this right will take time. However, one single actionable piece of content is probably more valuable to your readers (and therefore, your business) than ten pieces that only scratch the surface of any given topic. One single actionable piece of content is probably more valuable to your readers than ten piecesFourth Standard of Performance: Relevancy The best content on a topic your customers don’t care about is useless. You’ve got to make sure what you’re publishing is going to bring in not just a large audience, but the right audience. That’s why we pay close attention to topical relevance when selecting what to write about. The marketing world is big, and there’s a lot of stuff we could cover. However, if we’re going to get the most from our limited resources, we want to make sure we spend the majority of our time writing about the things our audience cares about most. How Do We Implement This? Anytime we publish a piece of content, we ask: Would our target audience care about this? If not, it’s time to scrap that idea and move onto the next one. No time to waste. Does this topic tie into our product’s purpose? If not, is it really something our audience would expect us to publish? Is this something we can speak authoritatively on?  If not, why would anyone listen to us? A more concrete means of determining relevance is to check who else is covering that topic. If sites or companies we consider peers, friends, or competitors are covering it, then that’s a strong indicator it’s relevant. Of course, we take things on a case by case basis though, using our best judgment. Recommended Reading: The Best Way to Document Your Brand Voice Guidelines (Free Template) How to Establish Your Own Standards of Performance This is what works for us. However, every company (and marketing team) is different. Your standards of performance should reflect what’s unique about your company, philosophy, and approach.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Chronology of American History From 1726 to 1750

Chronology of American History From 1726 to 1750 1726 Log College at Neshaminy in Bucks County is founded. It will be important in training evangelists who will become involved in the Great Awakening movement that will occur in the 1730s and 1740s.Riots occur in Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania colony governor will forcefully put down the riots. 1727 Anglo-Spanish War breaks out. It lasts a little more than one year, with skirmishes mainly in the Carolinas.George II becomes King of England.History of the Five Indian Nations by Dr. Cadwallader Colden is published. It details information about the Iroquois tribes.Benjamin Franklin creates the Junto Club, a group of mostly artisans who are socially progressive. 1728 The first American synagogue is built on Mill Street in New York City.Horses and carriages are banned in Boston Common. It will eventually be called the oldest park in the United States. 1729 North Carolina becomes a royal colony.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette.The Old South Meeting House is built in Boston. It will become a key meeting place for revolutionaries and was where the Boston Tea Party meetings occurred. 1730 North Carolina and South Carolina are confirmed as royal provinces by the British parliament.The city of Baltimore in the Maryland colony is established. It is named after Lord Baltimore.The Philosophical Society is founded in Newport, Rhode Island which has become a vacation destination due to its spa. 1731 The first public library in American colonies is founded in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and his Junto Club. It is called the Library Company of Philadelphia.The American colonial legislatures are not allowed to place monetary duties on imported slaves according to royal decree. 1732 Georgia becomes a colony out of land from the South Carolina territory when the Charter of 1732 is issued to James Oglethorpe and others.Construction begins on the Pennsylvania State House, better known as Independence Hall, in Philadelphia.George Washington is born on February 22nd in the Virginia colony.The first Catholic church in the American colonies is founded. It will be the only Catholic church erected before the American Revolution.Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richards Almanac, which will become a huge success.The Hat Act is passed by parliament, banning hats to be imported from one American colony to another, in an attempt to help London hatmakers. 1733 James Oglethorpe arrives in Georgia with 130 new colonists. He soon founds Savannah.The Molasses Act is passed by parliament setting heavy import duties on molasses, rum, and sugar from Caribbean islands other than those controlled by the British.The New York Weekly Journal begins publication with John Peter Zenger as its editor. 1734 John Peter Zenger is arrested for seditious libel against New York Governor William Cosby.Jonathan Edwards preaches a series of sermons in Northampton, Massachusetts that begins the Great Awakening. 1735 The trial of John Peter Zenger takes place after the newspaper editor spent ten months imprisoned. Andrew Hamilton defends Zenger, who is acquitted, for the statements he published were true, and thus could not be libelous.The first American fire insurance company is founded in Charleston. It will be bankrupt within five years, when half of Charleston is devastated by a fire. 1736 John and Charles Wesley arrive in the Georgia colony at the invitation of James Oglethorpe. They bring the ideas of Methodism to the American colonies. 1737 The first citywide celebration of St. Patricks Day is held in Boston.The Walking Purchase of 1737 occurs in Pennsylvania. William Penns son Thomas employs swift walkers to pace the boundaries of land given by the Delaware Indians. According to their treaty, they are to receive the land a man can walk in a day and a half. The Indians feel that the use of professional walkers is cheating and refuse to leave the land. The colonists enlist the help of the Iroquois Indians in their removal.A border dispute between Massachusetts and New Hampshire begins that will last for over 150 years. 1738 English Methodist evangelist George Whitefield, a key figure in the Great Awakening, arrives in Savannah, Georgia.The New Jersey colony gets its own governor for the first time. Lewis Morris is appointed to the position.John Winthrop, one of the most important scientists in the American colonies, is appointed to the chair of mathematics at Harvard University. 1739 Three uprisings of African-Americans occur in South Carolina resulting in numerous deaths.The War of Jenkins Ear begins between England and Spain. It will last until 1742 and will become part of the larger War of Austrian Succession.The Rocky Mountains are first sighted by French explorers Pierre and Paul Mallet. 1740 The War of Austrian Succession begins in Europe. The colonists will officially join the fight in 1743.James Oglethorpe of the Georgia colony leads troops along with Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek Indians to capture two forts from the Spanish in Florida. However, they will later fail to take St. Augustine.Fifty slaves are hanged in Charleston, South Carolina when their planned revolt is discovered.Famine in Ireland sends many settlers to the Shenandoah Valley area, along with other southern colonies in America. 1741 New Hampshire colony gets its own governor for the first time. The English crown appoints Benning Wentworth to the position. 1742 Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin Stove, a better and safer way to heat homes.Nathanael Greene, American Revolutionary War General, is born. 1743 The American Philosophical Society is founded in Philadelphia by the Junto Club and Benjamin Franklin. 1744 The American phase of the War of Austrian Succession, called King Georges War, begins.The Six Nations of the Iroquois League grant the English colonies their lands in the northern Ohio territory. They will have to fight the French for this land. 1745 The French fortress of Louisbourg is captured by a combined New England force and fleet during King Georges War.During King Georges War, the French burn the English settlement of Saratoga in the New York colony. 1746 The boundary between Massachusetts colony and Rhode Island colony is officially set by parliament. 1747 The New York Bar Association, the first legal society in the American colonies, is founded. 1748 King Georges War concludes with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. All colonies are restored to their original owners from before the war including Louisbourg. 1749 The Ohio Company is at first granted 200,000 acres of land between the Ohio and Great Kanawha Rivers and the Allegheny Mountains. An additional 500,000 acres is added later in the year.Slavery is allowed in the Georgia Colony. It had been prohibited since the colonys founding in 1732. 1750 The Iron Act is passed by parliament, putting a halt to the growth of the iron-finishing business in the colonies, to help protect the English iron industry. Resource and Further Reading: Schlesinger, Arthur M., editor. The Almanac of American History. Barnes Noble, 2004.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Econ 4020 reaction 10 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Econ 4020 reaction 10 - Term Paper Example In addition, the article published by the New York Times, describes various reasons why increased government budgets could be detrimental to the future US generation. The last article basically describes the elements ascribed to the American Recovery Reinvestments Act and how the government would use them to ensure that the current expenses remain constant, without any form of reduction. Fiscal Policies are geared towards facilitating proper use of public resources; basically, they are pertinent in the sense that they regulate the manner through, which governments and other stakeholders spend their resources. However, in many cases, these policies may be faced by criticism from certain quarters, who believe that they may be detrimental to public finances. On the other hand, many fiscal policies may also create a scenario whereby, the future generation is given the burden to settle certain debts. DeLong Says Not Time to Cut U.S. Budget With Free Lunch. (n.d.). Bloomberg.com. Retrieved March 31, 2014, from

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Fate or free will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fate or free will - Essay Example As he told me, he was only forced by his circumstances. I myself believe in determinism – that all events are ultimately determined by causes that are external to human will. These events, or the things that happen, even include human action. That man was hungry that is why he stole. It is therefore preposterous to think that he wanted to steal out of free will. There was an explanatory cause, or a cause that ultimately explains his action of stealing. That explanatory cause was hunger. Had he not been hungry, he would not have stolen the money. I am sure you understand and agree with me, Socrates. Socrates: You are right, and no man can ever separate himself from the appetitive and spirited parts as long as he is alive. Moreover, one should know that â€Å"For when [the soul] tries to consider anything in company with the body, it is evidently deceived by it† (Plato, Phaedo, 64c). Therefore, the soul is not free as long as it is with the body, as long as one is alive. This is the part of the soul that conforms to determinism. Socrates: Indeed, it was. However, it was not purely free will on his part, because the fact that he has within him and working at the same time – the appetitive, spirited and rational desires – may have in fact deceived him. What is human choice then? Me: Human choice is the action that results from being governed by external determinism and possessing internal free will – both existing at the same time. So, in short, what are you trying to tell me about that man, Socrates? Socrates: That he did make a choice that he could otherwise have refused or that he had the power to cancel, but that he did make this choice only after his appetitive desires have deceived him, human as he was. However, we cannot conclude anything whether he was a good man or an evil man. We can only say he was not wise

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Produce a table of four profitability ratios, four efficiency ratios Assignment

Produce a table of four profitability ratios, four efficiency ratios and two liquidity ratios for each enterprise below. Written Report - Assignment Example Daley has a current ratio of 1.3: 1 which is lower than Macey’s despite having both, more current assets and liabilities. It is however, still enough to meet its short term obligations. Both companies have a good liquidity position, which prevents them from having to sell off their inventory in order to pay their short term debts. Without liquidating their inventories, both companies can easily manage their short term obligations through their most liquid current assets. Daley has a better inventory turnover ratio which indicates that it takes less time to sell off its finished products. With less cash tied up in inventory and considerably lower cost of goods sold, Daley takes approximately 10 days less than Macey to convert its goods into sales. Customers of Daley are taking twice as long to repay the company which means that the receivable collection is not timely. Compared to Macey, Daley has a lot tied up in the form of receivables, more than 1.5 times as much as Macey. Its sales are also approximately $300 million less than Macey’s. Macey’s receivable collection seems to be within their average length of time taken to recover cash. These figures indicate that both the firms deal in some sort of fast moving consumer goods to able to recover cash within 2-3 days. Daley’s utilization of fixed assets is better than Macey’s with a ratio of 8.9 times. For every $1 invested in fixed assets, Daley is making $8.9 in sales. On the other hand, Macey is making only $5.5 in sales for every $1 invested in fixed assets. Macey has higher sales than Daley but it also has approximately twice the amount of fixed assets. This signifies that Macey has too much invested in fixed assets. Daley, despite having higher current assets and lower sales than Macey’s, has a better total asset turnover. Macey’s investment in fixed asset seems to be unnecessary and is affecting its ability to generate sufficient sales with regards to the amount of fixed assets

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Role Of Endorsers In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay

Role Of Endorsers In Advertising Cultural Studies Essay Perhaps most important role, an endorser must match up well with the endorsed brands (Shimp, 2003). As images of the personalities become related with products through endorsement, the meanings they attach to the products are conveyed to consumers through purchase and consumption (McCracken, 1989). Therefore, the practice of celebrity endorsement should be very much associated to the cultural perspective in which the images of celebrities are created and individual celebrities are selected to be linked with particular products. Studies outlined by Till and Busler (2000) suggest that the celebrity or product fit, also known as the match-up hypothesis, refers to the harmony of the match connecting the product being endorsed and the personality endorser. In addition to that, Shimp (2003) further states that there are 2 types of match-up, which are audience match up, where it deals with the endorsed brands target market along with brand match up, where celebritys values and decorum must be compatible with the image desired for the advertised brand. Product fit is thought to function as a main determinant of endorsement success (Friedman Friedman 1979; Kahle and Homer 1985; Erdogan et al. 2001; Batra and Homer 2004) although celebrity effectiveness does vary across different product types. Friedman and Friedman (1979) concluded that the better the celebrity or product fit, as professed by consumers, the higher the level of endorsement value. Nevertheless, Till and Busler (2000) argue that celebrity or product fit was effective for only certain measures of effectiveness such as brand attitude, but not for other measures such as purchase intention. Despite of the impact celebrity/product fit has on effectiveness Till and Busler (2000) c onsidered this factor should play a significant role in celebrity endorser usefulness. 4.0 CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT AND ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS 4.1 Factors / reasons Pickton and Broderick (2005) and Kelman (1998) considered 3 type of source attributes that are source credibility, attractiveness and expertness, where he believe may influence the recipients attitude which may explain why celebrity endorsement can be used as an advert tool. Erdogan (1999) also agreed with the theory and its positive consequence on the audiences reception to the conveyed message. According to him, the source is the person who is conveying a message to an audience. The Source Credibility Model In the context of celebrity endorsement, O Mahony and Meenaghan (1998) claim that credibility relates to the target audiences perception of the celebrity having sufficient knowledge or experience to provide accurate. The model contends that the effectiveness of a message depends on the perceived level expertise and trustworthiness in an endorser (Hovland et al. 1953). Consequently, the more favorably consumers assess the expertise and trustworthiness of a celebrity endorser, the more likely the celebrity is to be regarded as a reliable source of information on the product and thus the better the brand he/she endorses is represented (Ohanian, 1990). According to Belch and Belch (1998) spokesperson are regularly chosen because of their knowledge, experience and expertise in a particular product or service area. The importance of using expert sources was also shown in a study by Ohanian (1991), who found that the perceived capability of celebrity endorsers was more essential in explaining purchase intentions. Ohanian further states, endorsers are most useful when they are experienced, knowledgeable and qualified to talk about the product. In addition to that, while expertise is important, the target audience must also find the endorsers believable. Trustworthiness as define by Tellis (2004) is the willingness of the source to make true claims. The research conducted by Miller and Baseheart (1969) established that consumer behavior is openly related to the confidence they put in expert endorsers. The Source Attractiveness Model Another equally important attribute of the source of celebrity endorsement is its attractiveness. Langmeyer and Shank (1994) maintain that the concept of source attractiveness is not limited to good looks only, but also encompasses such non-physical characteristics as, for example, abilities in sports, grace, tact, charisma or intelligence. The theory is agreed by Shimp (2001) where he also affirmed that attractiveness multifaceted and does not include just physical attractiveness. The Meaning Transfer Model Unlike the Source Models, this theory proposed by Grant McCracken in 1989 contends that credibility and attractiveness do not sufficiently explain why celebrity endorsement works. According to this model, endorser effectiveness depends on the culturally acquired meanings he or she brings which may includes status, career, gender as well as personality and lifestyle. For example, from the celebrity athlete perspective, Roger Federer is publicly recognized from his career in the sporting arena since this is where he became known to the public. Martin (1996) concludes in effect the athlete becomes synonymous with the sport and the meanings become a part of the celebrity athletes image. Next, for the second stage, McCracken suggests endorsers will bring their meanings into the ad and transfer them to the product they are endorsing. Thus people evaluations of the celebrity endorsement, the measure of interest in this research occur when the advertisement is viewed by consumer. In the final stage, the meanings has given to the product are transferred to the consumer. As stated by McCracken (1989), this stage positively shows the importance of the consumers role in the process of endorsing brands with celebrities although Belch and Belch (1998) arguably said that this stage is complicated and difficult to achieve. 4.2 The timing According to Tellis (2004), the source credibility theory is most relevant for explaining the role of experts, while the source attractiveness is applicable in the case of lay endorses like fictitious individuals or characters. Furthermore, both Tellis (2004) and McCracken (1989), indicates that the meaning transfer theory suits the use of celebrities as endorsers, as it provides an insightful framework for using the complexity of meanings associated with celebrities. Celebrity endorsement is best used during the maturity phase of a life cycle (Anon, 2004). Promotion and advertising transfers from the scope of having new customers, to the extent of product differentiation in terms of reliability and quality. During this phase new brands are launched even when they compete with competitors, thus this is when celebrity endorsement can take place. Although, the use of celebrity endorsers is prevalent in advertising, however it is not without risk (Shimp and Till, 1998). When a company decides to use a celebrity, they should consider major factors ( Shimp, 2001 and Belch and Belch, 1998) as the timing might be in appropriate for an endorsement: Overexposure If a celebrity is overexposed, that is endorsing too many brands, his or her credibility may suffer ( Tripp et al. 1994). David Beckham, for example, may be somewhat overexposed. Cost consideration How much to acquire a celebrity`s services is an important consideration and unfortunately, it is not a simple calculation as it is difficult to project the revenue stream ( Belch and Belch, 1998). The Trouble factor As noted by Shimp (2001) celebrity behavior may pose a risk to a company. For example Gatorade had to drop Tiger Woods as its endorser due to the recent incidents. Target audience receptivity A study by Horowitz ( 2002),found that college-age students were more prone to have a positive attitude towards a product endorsed by a celebrity than were older consumers. This is supported by Belch and Belch (2001) where they indicates that this is because older consumers are more knowledgeable and has strongly established attitudes. 5.0 CONCLUSION This literature review aims to provide the assessment on the use of celebrity spokespersons in advertising to endorse brands. Through the findings the purchase intentions of consumers are closely related to the credibility of a celebrity endorser used in an advertisement, their perceptions of expertise of a celebrity endorser, the attractiveness and popularity of the latter as well as celebrity-product mix-match. However, as several failures show, it is essential for advertisers to be aware of the complex processes underlying celebrity endorsement, by gaining an understanding of the described concepts of source attractiveness and credibility, match-up analysis, and meaning transfer model. Further research efforts must be taken into consideration to develop a consistent, extensive and user-friendly tool to avoid wrong decisions and enhance the strategic quality of endorser decisions. Figure 1: Meaning transfer in the endorsement process (Adapted from McCracken 1989) Figure 2: The Five Components in the TEARS Model of Endorser Attributes

Friday, October 25, 2019

Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety :: Biology Essays Research Papers

A "Lesser Wrong" Model of Assessing the Neural Mechanisms of Anxiety The objective of our class and the neuroscientific community is to understand the complex neural pathways of the brain. The neural mechanisms of anxiety have long puzzled researchers. Thus far, the belief is that two structures of the limbic system known as the lateral septum and the amygdala regulate anxiety. The present paper will examine the role of the lateral septum and the amygdala in propagating anxiety (supporting the brain = behavior paradigm), discuss the neural connection that exist between the Am and LS, consider the effects that benzodiazepine anxiolytics have on this neural connection, as well as introduce findings from my current research that supports the "lesser wrong" model of anxiety. Amygdala and Anxiogenesis The amygdala (hereafter cited as Am) is a known anxiety producing or anxiogenic structure (1). Anxiety is assessed through a number of animal studies that examine fear and stress responses in the presence of aversive stimuli such as a shock. Fear and stress responses in animals are good measures of anxiety because they correlate well with the symptoms observed in people with generalized anxiety disorder. For instance, studies that assess anxiety in animal paradigms report increased stress induced ulceration, increased heart beat, and increased galvanic skin conductance. Similarly, individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder show upset stomach, increased hear rate, and increased sweating. Hence, anxiety, fear, and stress responses are closely related. Fear responses are behavioral changes that occur in the presence of aversive stimuli. The most common behavioral response (in rats) to aversive stimuli is behavioral arrest also referred to as "freezing". Behavioral arrest occurs when the animal "freezes following a cue for the aversive stimulus. Davis (1992) describes the freezing behavior as the animal's apprehensive expectation that something bad is about to happen. Stress responses are physiological changes that occur in response to aversive stimuli. Stress responses in animal and human studies include pupil dilation, increased heart beat, decreased salivation (or dry mouth), increase galvanic skin conductance (or increased sweating) and frequent defecation (or diarrhea). Studies have shown that during the presentation of a tone that forewarns the animal of a shock, the animal show a multitude of stress responses including the ones listed above. Similarly, in a fMRI scan study, human subjects showed Am activation in instructed fear or anticipatory anxiety task. In this task, subjects are manipulated into believing that they will receive a shock when a threatening stimulus is presented.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

American Civil Liberties Union vs. National Security Agency

Plaintiffs American Civil Liberties Union, et al. have alleged that the TSP violates their free speech and associational rights, as guaranteed by the First Amendment; their privacy rights, as guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment; that the principle of the Separation of Powers because the TSP has been authorized by the President in excess of his Executive Power under Article II of the Constitution; and that it is conducted without observation of any of the procedures required either by law or by the Constitution.Amici, members of Congress, elected by the citizens of the United States to enact legislations binding on all, including the President, support plaintiffs’ stance that the actions of the NSA are violative of duly enacted legislation as well as the Constitution of the United States, for the reasons below stated. First and Fourth Amendment Rights First and Fourth Amendment rights are of paramount consideration under the United States Constitution. These rights are intertwin ed, as the court wrote in Marcus v. Search Warrants, 367 U. S.717 (1961): â€Å"Historically the struggle for freedom of speech and press in England was bound up with the issue of the scope of the search and seizure. . . . This history was, of course, part of the intellectual matrix within which our own constitutional fabric was shaped. The Bill of Rights was fashioned against the background of knowledge that unrestricted power of search and seizure could also be an instrument for stifling liberty of expression. † A violation of Fourth Amendment rights results, therefore, as a necessary consequence, to a violation of First Amendment rights.It has been held that the warrant requirement under the Fourth Amendment is also applicable to electronic surveillances. In the case of Katz vs. United States, 389 U. S. 347 (1967), the Court declared that surveillances conducted for domestic security must undergo the process of procuring judicial warrant. In the absence of a judicial stamp of approval upon the intended act of domestic surveillance, such is per se unreasonable, subject only to a few well-defined exceptions.In the case of United States vs. United States District Court, 407 US 297 (1972), the court held that freedoms guaranteed under the Fourth Amendment would be wantonly and capriciously violated if the Executive branch is given unbridled access and discretion to conduct such warrantless domestic surveillances. The Fourth Amendment requires a finding of probable cause by a judicial magistrate and, absent such requisite, the search and seizure conducted becomes unconstitutional.This directive is imposed upon the executive branch whose duty is to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. The court found therefore the need to strike a balance between the â€Å"the duty of Government to protect the domestic security, and the potential danger posed by unreasonable surveillance to individual privacy and free expression,† Justice Powell wrote that the inconvenience to the government is â€Å"justified in a free society to protect constitutional values. â€Å"That the warrant requirement is also applicable to electronic surveillances is only reasonable as First and Fourth Amendment rights were included in the United States Constitution to guard against executive abuses of power. Separation of Powers It was also argued that the chief executive has broad enough powers to conduct warrantless surveillances by virtue of the Commander-in-Chief powers granted to him by the Constitution. The argument is based upon court decisions such as United States vs.Truong Dinh Hung, 629 F. 2d 908 (4th Cir. 1980), United States vs. Butenko, 494 F. 2d 593 (3rd Cir. 1974) and United States vs. Brown, 484 F. 2d 418 (Fifth Cir. 1973), which recognize such authority as inherent and cannot be encroached by legislation. However, to sustain such argument would violate the principle of separation of powers. The concurring opinion of Justice Jackson in t he case Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer, 343 U. S. 579 (1952) has become authoritative.It was stated that, â€Å"when the President takes measures incompatible with the expressed or implied will of Congress, his power is at its lowest ebb, for he can rely only upon his own Constitutional powers minus any Constitutional powers of Congress over the matter. † . Justice Taylor expounded on such pronouncement of Justice Jackson, stating that, â€Å"although the Constitution had diffused powers the better to secure liberty, the powers of the President are not fixed, but fluctuate, depending upon their junctures with the actions of Congress.Thus, if the President acted pursuant to an express or implied authorization by Congress, his power was at it maximum, or zenith. If he acted in absence of Congressional action, he was in a zone of twilight reliant upon only his own independent powers. † Moreover, assuming arguendo that the chief executive indeed has the inherent authori ty to conduct warrantless surveillances by virtue of his Commander-in-Chief powers, such power can be regulated by Congress through legislation.Such regulation consists in laying down of reasonable procedures which must be complied with before the exercise of the power becomes authorized. The inherent authority therefore is subject to acts of Congress since legislative power is plenary and cannot be subject â€Å"to presidential and military supervision and control. † This legislation is the FISA. Congress even provided that this statutory procedure laid down â€Å"shall be the exclusive means for conducting electronic surveillances,† which precludes the chief executive from exercising the power in a discretionary manner. The FISAThe FISA (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act) was enacted by Congress in 1978 â€Å"to restore and preserve Americans’ confidence in their ability to engage in the ‘public activity’ and ‘dissent from official poli cy’ at the heart of civil rights advocacy and meaningful public debate† after the publication of reports by the Church Committee exposing United States intelligence agencies, their operations, and abuses of the law they had committed. Since the purpose of the legislation was precisely to regulate the collection of â€Å"foreign intelligence† information in furtherance of U. S.counterintelligence in order to curb violations and abuses of power, it established certain essential requirements that the executive has to comply with first before electronic surveillances maybe undertaken by its agencies. Judicial approval is a prerequisite, a finding of probable cause that the target of surveillance is a foreign power or an agent of such, without which the executive cannot extend its strong arm, supposedly in the interest of national security. Its justification that national security requires such operations must be subjected to judicial scrutiny first, and not merely as an afterthought or a backdoor.It is specifically stated in the FISA that electronic surveillance is prohibited, unless authorized by statute. The Administration uses this provision to justify the legality of its acts and declares that under the AUMF (Authorization for the Use of Military Force), it is authorized to conduct such surveillances in light of the September 11 attacks which necessitates it to â€Å"exercise its right to self-defense and to protect US citizens both home and abroad. † Such argument is directly antithetical to what Congress has designed as a necessary limitation to the national security power.It was never the intent of Congress to give the executive a wide, almost unbridled, latitude in conducting electronic surveillances because it recognized the inherent danger and propensity of such power to be abused. U. S. Senate Majority Floor Leader Tom Daschle affirms this for a fact. When the AUMF was enacted, the Administration requested a last-minute change to the legislation and to authorize it to exercise powers appropriate and necessary against those who committed or aided the September 11 attacks.However, such request was rejected because Congress recognized that such power can be directed even against citizens of the United States. Moreover, the AUMF can hardly be regarded as a statute, within the context of the FISA. Conclusion We fully support the efforts of the government to gather information regarding terrorist groups and to seek legitimate means to prevent their efforts to attack Americans. However, legislation was laid down in order that this information-gathering be conducted within the reasonable bounds of the law. We therefore submit that this Court grant plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.